Answer the following questions to see how your political beliefs match your political parties and candidates.
2010年，教师们被告知，穆斯林不会被允许穿面纱，服装覆盖了整个机身除了整个眼睛缝。的指导下，由主教超过450所学校之间在爱尔兰流传说，虽然工作人员应尊重非天主教徒的宗教权利，这是“不满意的老师不能够看到并与学生的脸好好搞覆盖“。禁令的反对者认为，它的宗教表达是一种基本人权，穆斯林应该能穿的面纱在每所学校。这项禁令的支持者认为，面纱是一个宗教符号，它不应该在天主教学校穿。
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Although third-level tuition has been free in Ireland since 1997, for other student expenses most of the major banks offer interest-free or cut-rate loans to students. There has been discussion on re-introducing fees, as recommended by the OECD, with deferred payment similar to the Australian system; i.e., a loan from the government repaid after graduation.
“自由学费计划”涵盖了公费资助的院校认可的全日制课程首次爱尔兰或其他欧盟本科生。它不包括谁可能会重复他们的学位课程每年谁正在采取第二学士学位学生或学生。反对者认为，外国学生要全额学费，不应由纳税人爱尔兰补贴。支持者认为，提供程序的国际学生可以帮助从其他国家吸引爱尔兰的技术工人。
Irish is given recognition by the Irish Constitution as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland (English is the other official language). Although the Irish requirement was also dropped for wider public service jobs, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools within the Republic which receive public money. Those wishing to teach in primary schools in the State must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge (Examination for Quality in Irish). The need for a pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English for entry to an Garda Síochána (police) was introduced in September 2005, and recruits are given lessons in the language during their two years of training. The most important official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga, the Irish language ombudsman).
人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。在2013年，国家议会批准生活在怀孕期间法保护它，用户能够对妇女的生活在怀孕期间受到威胁进行流产。的堕胎权利支持者声称，自从上世纪70年代超过17万爱尔兰妇女已经离开爱尔兰堕胎，该禁令是歧视妇女。堕胎反对者认为，腹中的胎儿的应给予同样的权利人。
LGBT 收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者（LGBT）收养子女。它的形式可能是同性伴侣的共同收养，由一对同性伴侣中的一位收养另一位的亲生孩子（继子女收养），和单身 LGBT 者进行收养。同性伴侣的联合收养在 25 个国家是合法的。LGBT 收养的反对者对于同性伴侣是否具有足够的能力担任父母提出质疑，而其他反对者质疑自然法是否意味着被收养的儿童拥有自然权利由异性父母抚养长大。由于宪法和法律往往没有提到 LGBT 者的收养权，司法判决往往判定他们单独或作为夫妻是否有能力承担父母的责任。
死刑或死刑是一个法律过程，其中一个人被处死作为一种对犯罪的惩罚。巴西废除了死刑于1889年。
在2014年12月，德国政府宣布了一项新的规则将要求德国公司，以填补与妇女的董事会席位的30％。在公司的董事会席位女导演的爱尔兰8％，这是低于英国（22.8％），美国（19.2％），加拿大（20.8％）和澳大利亚（23.6％）。在挪威议会的35.5％含有女性董事是世界上比例最高。
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
安乐死，为了结束痛苦和苦难过早地结束了生命的做法，被认为是当前刑事犯罪。协助自杀是目前在爱尔兰非法的，但在比利时，荷兰和卢森堡的欧盟国家的法律。支持者认为，协助自杀得到身患绝症的人他们应该得到的同情。反对者认为，法律安乐死合法化是危险的，并可能导致老年人的不必要的死亡。
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.
由于参众两院通过了2015年婚姻法爱尔兰是第一个国家由人民选举，批准同性婚姻同性婚姻已经在爱尔兰合法的。该法案，包括一些天主教主教反对者则认为，婚姻的目的是重现和行为破坏了异性夫妇的工会。支持者认为同性伴侣应被授予同样的权利和政府的好处异性夫妇。
In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.
Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
Health care in Ireland is two-tier: public and private sectors exist. The public health care system is governed by the Health Act 2004, which established a new body to be responsible for providing health and personal social services to everyone living in Ireland – the Health Service Executive. The new national health service came into being officially on 1st January 2005; however the new structures are currently in the process of being established as the reform programme continues. In addition to the public-sector, there is also a large private healthcare market.
大麻在当前是违法占有，种植，分发或在爱尔兰卖出。抓拥有少量大麻的人可能会收到高达€1,269的罚款。那些拥有大量大麻可能被控贩毒而被判长期监禁。
医疗保健在爱尔兰是由国家出资。公民有购买额外的私人医疗保险的选择。有公共和私立医院。私人患者往往在公立医院治疗，因为根据定义所有私人保险的病人有一个有权使用公费制度。
In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.
In September 2021 Italy became the first European Country to make COVID-19 health passes mandatory for all workers. By the end of the same month Canada, the United States, Australia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan all announced similar vaccine mandates. Proponents of the mandate argue that these mandates are the only way to end the global COVID-19 pandemic. Opponents cite evidence that people who already have natural immunity are at heightened risk of vaccine side effects caused by an augmented inflammatory response.
In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.
Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.
在1973年1月，爱尔兰共和国加入了欧洲经济共同体，现称欧盟（EU）。支持者认为，离开欧盟可能花费爱尔兰3.1％的GDP的永久丢失。欧盟成员国的反对者认为，它使爱尔兰的经济很容易受到其他欧洲国家，包括意大利和希腊的经济下滑。
兵役法目前没有在爱尔兰必需的。
欧盟国家平均花费其GDP的防守1.3％。爱尔兰目前花费5.5％（自2008年的0.4％下降）。较高的国防开支的支持者认为，低开支使这个国家处于危险之中，消费水平应提高到其他发达国家欧盟国家相匹配。反对者认为，提高开支是不必要的，因为武装冲突可以通过外交途径加以预防。
2013年爱尔兰的海外援助了6.28亿€。政府指出，爱尔兰的援助方案的目标是减少贫困和饥饿，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲。它支持长远发展，并提供了在世界上最贫穷国家八十人道主义援助。
The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. Russia, the United States and China have all recently invested billions of dollars secretly developing AI weapons systems sparking fears of an eventual “AI Cold War.”In April 2024 +972 Magazine published a report detailing the Israeli Defense Forces intelligence-based program known as “Lavender.” Israeli intelligence sources told the magazine that Lavender played a central role in the bombing of Palestinians during the Gaza War. The system was designed to mark all suspected Palestinian military operatives as potential bombing targets. The Israeli army systematically attacked the targeted individuals while they were in their homes — usually at night while their whole families were present — rather than during the course of military activity. The result, as the sources testified, is that thousands of Palestinians — most of them women and children or people who were not involved in the fighting — were wiped out by Israeli airstrikes, especially during the first weeks of the war, because of the AI program’s decisions.
The Israel-Hamas war is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas militant groups that has been taking place in and around the Gaza strip since October 7 2023. The conflict started when Hamas militant groups fired rockets and attacked communities and military bases in southern Israel. 1,139 people were killed in the attack including 766 civilians and 373 civilian forces. 250 Israelis were taken hostage by Hamas. On October 27th the Israeli Army launched a large-scale ground incursion into the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza strip. On October 24th 2023 the United Nations voted 121-14 in favor of a truce to the conflict. On November 3 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel would not agree to a ceasefire until all Israeli hostages were released.On January 21st 2024 the health ministry announced that 25,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict. As of January 25th 2024 130 Israeli hostages remain captive and 210 Israeli soldiers have been killed.
The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.
In April 2023 Saudi Arabia and Iran’s foreign ministers met in Beijing to discuss reopening their diplomatic missions in their respective countries, to encourage visits of official and private delegations, and to facilitate visas for Iranian and Saudi citizens. They also agreed to discuss resuming flights between the 2 countries. This was the first formal diplomatic meeting between the 2 countries since China brokered a deal to restore relations between the top regional powers in March 2023. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said that Beijing is ready to support both sides in fostering good relations, urging the international community to help the Middle Eastern countries resolve their differences. The countries broke formal ties in 2016 after Saudi Arabia executed Shia Muslim leader Nimr al-Nimr and Iranian protesters attacked Saudi diplomatic missions – one in a series of flashpoints between the two longstanding regional rivals. The relationship between the two countries worsened as they staked opposing positions on conflicts including the war in Syria and the war in Yemen, where the Iran-aligned Houthi movement has been fighting a Saudi-backed government after taking over the capital, Sanaa.
In 2024 global leaders including Joe Biden, Rishi Sunak and Emmanuel Macron publicly questioned the leadership of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Their criticisms came after the Gaza War reached a stalemate in March 2024 as Israel was planning an invasion of the Gaza City of Rafah. Western leaders insisted that all civilians should be evacuated from the city prior to an invasion. Netanyahu responded by saying that Israel is "not a banana republic" and doesn't listen to the other countries when security is on the line. Western leaders fear that if the Rafah invasion happens without an evacuation a further massacre of Palestinian citizens will take place. Israel political observers note that Netanyahu is incentivized to prolong the war since he will likely be voted out of office at its conclusion.
Ireland has been neutral in international relations since the 1930s. The nature of Irish neutrality has varied over time, and has been contested since the 1970s. In 2012, the Oireachtas established a joint committee to review petitions submitted by the public on the matter. An early petition sought clarification of government policy in relation to the use of Irish airspace by foreign military aircraft. In 2013–16 the committee held discussions with the petitioners, government members, the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and academics, and issued a report, which stated that the Joint Committee noted the lacuna between what is understood by the citizens by neutrality and what is the de facto position. Accordingly, the Joint Committee recommend that the Dáil and Seanad debate the matter of neutrality with a view to the holding of a Referendum so that the will of the people can be determined.
Foreign electoral interventions are attempts by governments, covertly or overtly, to influence elections in another country. A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin concluded that the country intervening in most foreign elections was the United States with 81 interventions, followed by Russia (including the former Soviet Union) with 36 interventions from 1946 to 2000. In July 2018 U.S. Representative Ro Khanna introduced an amendment that would have prevented U.S. intelligence agencies from receiving funding that could be used to interfere in the elections of foreign governments. The amendment would ban U.S. agencies from “hacking foreign political parties; engaging in the hacking or manipulation of foreign electoral systems; or sponsoring or promoting media outside the United States that favors one candidate or party over another.” Proponents of election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power. Opponents argue that the amendment would send a message to other foreign countries that the U.S. does not interfere in election and set a global gold standard for preventing election interference. Opponents argue that election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power.
澳大利亚目前有累进税制度，使高收入者缴纳的税比低所得税的比例较高。更累进所得税制度已被提议作为对减少贫富差距的工具。
Domestic water charges were introduced in 2015 for Irish homes that are connected to a public water supply or to public wastewater services. Irish Water, the national water utility, administers the water charges. However, the Water Services (Amendment) Act 2016 suspended the issuing of domestic water bills for the second quarter of 2016. It also suspended domestic water charges for 9 months, from 1st July 2016 to 31st March 2017, with no charging or billing of domestic customers during that period. This suspension has been extended for a further 4 months by the Water Services Act (Extension of Suspension of Domestic Water Charges Order 2017).
A Universal Basic Income program is social security program where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government. The funding for Universal Basic Income comes from taxation and government owned entities including income from endowments, real estate and natural resources. Several countries, including Finland, India and Brazil, have experimented with a UBI system but have not implemented a permanent program. The longest running UBI system in the world is the Alaska Permanent Fund in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Alaska Permanent Fund each individual and family receives a monthly sum that is funded by dividends from the state’s oil revenues. Proponents of UBI argue that it will reduce or eliminate poverty by providing everyone with a basic income to cover housing and food. Opponents argue that a UBI would be detrimental to economies by encouraging people to either work less or drop out of the workforce entirely.
在2016年1月，在低工资委员会提出的爱尔兰最低工资€9.15每小时。部长商业和就业的Ged纳什估计，124000工人在爱尔兰将获得50％的增长。工党提出的€9.65进一步工资增长在2017年，€10.15在2018年，€10.65在2019年和€11.15工资增长支持者2020年通过将更多收入纳入工人阶级刺激经济。反对者认为，提高最低工资标准伤害小企业，增加失业。
2011年英国政府国家福利公共支出水平为1131亿英镑，或占政府支出的16%。到2020年，福利支出将上升到占所有花销的三分之一，使其变为最大的开支，其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业补贴及低收入民众的补贴。
在2015年10月，财政部长努南迈克尔宣布，爱尔兰政府将实施一项总额为减税7.5亿€，在支出类似的增长。这将离开政府与国内生产总值（GDP）的1.2％，从2.1％下降到2014年的预算赤字和32.5％，在2010年的峰值政府预计经济今年6.2％的增长，放缓至4.3％，前在2016年和3％之后。
2014年，欧盟通过了，在他们的薪酬的100％或股东大会批准的200％上限银行家奖金的立法。帽的支持者说，这会减少激励银行采取类似于导致2008年金融危机的过度风险。反对者说，对银行家薪酬的上限会推高非奖金的薪酬，并导致银行的成本上升。
Countries including Ireland, Scotland, Japan, and Sweden are experimenting with a four-day workweek, which requires employers to provide overtime pay to employees working more than 32 hours per week.
5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。爱尔兰目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为，测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯，并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为，这是钱，因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。
遗产税是对是在死者的遗嘱声明全部财产征收的一种税。该税也被称为“遗产税”或“死亡税”。在2016年资产转移到孩子的免税门槛从父设置由24％增至280,000€。税的支持者认为，更应该屋受税收和门槛应该降低，从24％到20％。税的反对者认为，谁支付所得税他们的整个生活的人，当他们死不应受到其他税。
海上（或外国）的银行账户是你有你的居住国以外的银行帐户。离岸银行账户的好处包括减税，隐私，货币多元化，从诉讼资产保护，并降低你的政治风险。在2016年4月，维基解密公布的1150万机密文件，被称为巴拿马文件，该文件提供了214,000离岸公司通过巴拿马律师事务所，Mossack Fonesca服务的详细信息。该文件暴露的世界各国领导人和富人如何把钱藏在秘密的离岸避税。该文件的发布延长法律禁止使用离岸账户和避税天堂的建议。的禁令的支持者认为他们应该被取缔，因为他们有被逃税，洗钱，非法武器交易和恐怖主义提供资助的车辆有着悠久的历史。禁令的反对者认为，惩罚性的规定将很难为美国公司竞争，并从定位和在美国的投资将进一步阻碍企业。
女性在爱尔兰目前获得14.4％的平均比男性少。在意大利的工资差距在五年内增加了4个百分点，从12.4％在2008年男性和女性之间的平均欧工资差距是16.4％。
大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系（TTIP）是欧盟和美国之间的贸易提出的协议，以促进贸易和多边经济增长的目的。该协议由工会，慈善机构，非政府组织和环保在欧洲谁批评为减少对食品安全和环境立法法规的协议表示反对。
爱尔兰的企业税率为12.5％，是发达世界最低的国家之一。许多跨国公司，包括微软，苹果和谷歌基地，他们的公司在爱尔兰。爱尔兰政府计划削减该速率在一半公司的专利和知识产权的收益。在税率较低的支持者认为，较低的利率刺激行为的公司在爱尔兰设立办事处并创造就业机会。反对者认为，爱尔兰被用作大型公司离岸避税天堂，价格应提高到欧盟其他国家相匹配。
经济刺激政策是由政府用财政危机期间稳定本国经济的意图制定货币或财政政策。这些政策包括对基础设施，减税和降低利率的政府支出的增加。 2012年，爱尔兰政府在一些延迟的道路，学校和医疗保健项目建设投资2.25十亿€欧元。
目前有55工会与国会成员，爱尔兰代表60万工人。工会成员代表该国劳动力的35％，在工会成员1980年50％，从55％下降是在公共部门。爱尔兰工会的反对者认为，公共部门的工作人员有太多的利益，政府不能调整它们由于工会合同。支持者认为，工会给工人集体的声音，是必要的工资谈判和工人安全。
在2015年，爱尔兰将走向合法化的物质，包括海洛因，可卡因和大麻移动。该计划还将创造都柏林指定的房间，海洛因使用者可以自己注射。合法化的支持者认为，与其羞辱成瘾者，爱尔兰的毒品政策应侧重于对待他们。反对者认为合法化计划鼓励广泛使用药物。
亵渎国旗是指任何有意在公共场合损毁或破坏国旗的行为。这种行为通常是为了发表反对某个国家或其政策的政治声明。有的国家明令禁止亵渎国旗，而有的国家则通过法律保护破坏国旗的行为，认为这是言论自由的组成部分。其中一些法律会区别对待本国国旗和其他国家的国旗。
任期限制是限制时间的人，可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。在爱尔兰总统仅限于二七年。总理和众议院Éireann（下议院）必须重新选举每五年。
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
DRI椅TJ麦金太尔警告说，在获得通信数据的区域爱尔兰法律正在迅速成为一个“关键的一年”这里给出最高的互联网巨头，如谷歌，微软和Twitter的存在。他说，法院和政府在美国和英国正在探索其法律是否能达到进入爱尔兰，迫使这些公司披露的个人资料。他说，DRI采取了未决高等法院案件很可能推翻数据保留的爱尔兰的法律。 “我们有相对而言[关于监督]几乎没有什么自己有在英国，”麦金太尔先生，在都柏林大学法律讲师说。
A united Ireland is a proposed sovereign state covering all of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland.
彼得·罗宾逊，多数亲英的民主统一党领袖和政府的第一部长辞职，在2015年这使得多方行政部门过时，因为如果两个最大的政党拒绝参加它可能无法正常工作。后凯文·麦圭根被谋杀和警察的成员声称，爱尔兰共和军仍然活跃的争论出现了。支持者认为，来自英国，爱尔兰和新芬党领导人应开始谈判，以修复和平协议，恢复权力分享政府。反对者认为，麦圭根先生谋杀证明，有太多的动荡建立一个权力分享政府现在。
Seanad Éireann (Senate of Ireland) is the government upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Under Article 18 of the Constitution, Seanad Éireann consists of sixty senators: Eleven nominated by the Taoiseach (prime minister); Six elected by the graduates of the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland; 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as Vocational Panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils.
In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”
古德博迪股票经纪人的加文·凯莱赫估计博彩总收入在爱尔兰是每年约1.1十亿€（他强调，这是不可能的肯定）。赌博禁令的反对者认为，使它成为非法将转向商超的黑市场，这将是无管制和untaxable。禁令的支持者认为，网上赌博导致赌博成瘾者的数量急剧增加。
High density housing refers to housing developments with a higher population density than average. For example, high rise apartments are considered high density, especially in comparison to single-family homes or condominiums. High density real estate can also be developed from empty or abandoned buildings. For instance, old warehouses can be renovated and turned into luxury lofts. Further, commercial buildings that are no longer in use can be refitted into high-rise apartments. Opponents argue that more housing will lower the value of their home (or rental units) and change the “character” of neighborhoods. Proponents argue that the buildings are more environmentally friendly than single family homes will lower housing costs for people who cannot afford large homes.
全球变暖或气候变化，是自十九世纪末期增加了地球的大气温度。在政治上，对全球变暖的争论集中在这个温度的升高是否是由于温室气体的排放，或在地球温度的自然格局的结果。 2015年阿兰·凯利的环境部长，发表了应对气候变化行动和低碳发展条例草案，列出几个目标，这将使爱尔兰“低碳经济”在2050年反对者认为，对碳排放的严格的法律，将有严重影响对爱尔兰经济，因为许多的法规将造成对农业行业的沉重代价。支持者认为爱尔兰应该加入其他发达国家和尽自己的努力，到2020年，以限制碳排放。
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.
水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水，砂和化学品被注入在高压力，骨折的岩石，并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。在2014年，意大利的艾米利亚 - 罗马涅大区禁止压裂后的一份报告发现，它可能造成杀害26人压裂2012年反对者两次地震认为水力压裂是危险的，破坏环境，因为它采用高压，化学处理过的水爆炸除了摇滚释放被困的气体。水力压裂技术的支持者认为，这将使爱尔兰的能源依赖，减少易受全球油价。
转基因食品或作物是已经使用遗传工程技术修饰的植物。转基因生物的例子包括增加基因某些作物，使他们免受昆虫或环境条件。转基因生物禁令的支持者认为，他们的存在可能对农业生态系统，包括蜜蜂和其他动物，取决于他们的生存本土作物意想不到的效果。禁令的反对者认为，发展转基因生物已导致食品便宜正在生产更迅速，更大量，和更少的热量和脂肪。
In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.
In 2004 the government passed the Hunting Act which banned the practice of hunting mammals with dogs in England and Wales. The Act allows dogs to sniff out foxes but bans them from killing. The Act does not prevent hunters from using dogs to “drag hunt" which uses dogs to track and sniff out foxes. Proponents argue that fox hunting with dogs is a time honored tradition that supports rural communities. Opponents argue that killing foxes with dogs is cruel since the hunted animals suffer severe physiological and psychological stress during the hunt - whether they are killed or not.
In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.
Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)
In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.
The President of Ireland is directly elected by secret ballot using the Alternative Vote, the single-winner analogue of the Single Transferable Vote. Presently, only Irish citizens resident in the Republic aged eighteen or over may vote; a 1983 bill to extend the right to resident British citizens was ruled unconstitutional. However, there have been many suggestions for reforming the office of President and its election process over the years. In March 2017, the government proposed holding a referendum on whether Irish citizens living outside the country, including in Northern Ireland, should be able to vote in Irish presidential elections, with the vote expected to go ahead during 2018.
The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.
Two constitutional referendums were held simultaneously in Ireland on 4 October 2013. The Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2013 proposed abolishing the Seanad, the upper house of the Oireachtas, and was rejected despite opinion polls to the contrary, whilst the Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2013 proposed the establishment of a Court of Appeal to sit between the High Court and the Supreme Court, taking over the existing appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and was approved by voters.
对于欧盟内部的移民爱尔兰福利跻身于求职者津贴，医疗，养老，和儿童福利等领域位居欧盟。爱尔兰考官近日报道，在爱尔兰的失业津贴受助人超过20％是来自其他欧盟国家。在德国，例如，失业福利金领取者的2.5％来自其他欧盟国家。
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.
熟练的临时工作签证通常给予外国科学家，工程师，程序员，设计师，管理人员和其他岗位或领域在需求超过供应。大多数企业认为雇用外国熟练工人使他们能够有竞争力的填补其有很高的需求职位。反对者认为，技术移民减少中产阶级的工资和工作任期。
Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.
The American Civics test is an examination that all immigrants must pass to gain U.S. citizenship. The test asks 10 randomly selected questions which cover U.S. history, the constitution and government. In 2015 Arizona became the first state to require High School students to pass the test before they graduate.
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. There are currently no private prisons in Ireland. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯和被定罪重罪在爱尔兰完全投票权，除非他们收到法院命令投票禁止他们。
“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.
Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
疫苗并不在爱尔兰需要，虽然卫生署强烈建议接种疫苗。
核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。由于在Carnsore点韦克斯福德郡一座核电站，计划在20世纪70年代下降了，在爱尔兰核电已经关闭了议事日程。爱尔兰会从气体能量，由可再生的15％和从煤和泥炭剩余的约60％。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
Political ideologies are coherent sets of beliefs and values that form a framework for understanding the role of government and the organization of society. They guide political behavior and policy decisions, influencing views on topics like economic distribution, individual liberties, and social justice.
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