At a news conference in Beijing on Thursday, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said the vote on the bill "runs contrary to the principles of fair competition and justice".
When someone sees a good thing another person has and tries to take it for themselves, this is entirely the logic of a bandit," Mr Wang added.
Another Chinese official, commerce ministry spokesperson He Yadong, said that China would "take all necessary measures to safeguard its legitimate rights and interests".
TikTok is banned in China along with other social media platforms.
Instead, Chinese users use a similar app, Douyin, which is only available in China and subject to monitoring and censorship by the government.
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